- Home
- Industry Reports
- Information Communications Technology
- Security
- Global User Provisioning Market – Size, Outlook, Trends and Forecast (2020 – 2026)
User provisioning is defined as the management, creation and maintenance of end users object. It is a business process for ensuring the creation of accounts and access to software. Global user provisioning market size was valued at $4.28 billion in 2017 and is estimated to reach $10.86 billion by 2025 with the CAGR of 12.34% during 2019-2025. The key drivers responsible in the growth of user provisioning market are increasing need to access devices, rising penetration of cloud-based single sign in, growing traction of security and risk mitigation and increasing adoption in SMEs. On the other hand, the factors hindering the market growth are shadowing IT risks, lack of expertise & security, higher costs incurred for manual provisioning and deprovisioning and lack of awareness & security. However, aligning the management strategies with the strategic organisational initiatives and redefining the IAM technologies through trending technologies like IoT are expected to boost the market over the forecast period.
Research Study Objectives:
- Define, estimate, and forecast the user provisioning market statistics component, business function, deployment type, organisation size, business application, end users and regions concerning the individual growth drivers, market trends and their contribution toward the user provisioning market growth
- Provides comprehensive information regarding the key factors influencing the market growth (Drivers, Restraints & Challenges, and Opportunities)
- Estimate & forecast the market size of all the segments concerning geographies including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), South America and the Middle East and Africa (MEA).
- Recent competitive developments including M&A (mergers and acquisitions), partnerships, and product innovations are provided in the user provisioning market analysis report.
- Analysis and conclusions on the future user provisioning market outlook.
Top-down and bottom-up approaches are used to validate the user provisioning market size and are used to estimate the size of other dependent submarkets. Key players in the market are identified through various secondary sources; databases including Bloomberg Businessweek, Hoovers, Factiva, journals and associations and the market revenues are estimated and are thoroughly validated through primary and secondary research. Secondary research involves the study of annual and financial reports of top players in the market, whereas primary research includes extensive interviews with the KoL’s such as CEOs, directors, board members, VP’s, sales managers, engineers, marketing executives, technicians, account managers, investors, strategic decision makers and others. The user provisioning market shares and breakdowns are determined using secondary sources and are verified by the primary sources. All possible parameters/factors that are affecting the user provisioning market demand are covered in the research study are verified through primary research, analysed and interpreted to get the final qualitative and quantitative data. This data is collected and added with detailed analysis from Envision Inteligence and presented in this report.
The scope of the Report
The User Provisioning Market segmentation is as follows:
By Component
- Professional Services
- System Integration Services
- Planning and Consulting Services
- Support and Maintenance Services
- Managed Services
By Business Function
- Role Management
- Administration and Management
- User Log Management
- Password Management
- User Governance and Compliance
By Organisation Size
- Small and Medium Enterprises
- Large Enterprises
By Deployment Mode
- On-Premises
- Cloud
By Business Application
- Role Management
- Administration and Management
- User Log Management
- Password Management
- User Governance and Compliance
By End Users
- IT & Telecom
- Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance
- Education
- Government and Public Sector
- Healthcare
- Retail
- Manufacturing & Industrial Sector
- Energy and Utilities
- Others
Geographical Analysis:
User provisioning market is segmented by geography into North America, South America, Europe, APAC and Middle East & Africa. U.S., Canada, Mexico and Costa Rica are analysed under North American region which is usually turning as the hotspot in the market. The South American region is further segregated into Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Columbia and some other emerging economies. In Europe, the market is extensively examined by covering U.K., Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland and some other promising economies. APAC is further categorised by countries into China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia & New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore and many other emerging nations. In the Middle East & African region, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, South Africa, Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria and so on countries are evaluated to understand the market growth lucidly.
Customisation Options:
With the given research report, Envision Inteligence offers customisations as per the client’s specific requirements. The following customisation options offered for the user provisioning market include:
- Scope Revision
- Geographic Analysis
- Company Profiles
- Historical Data & Forecasting
- Key Contact Persons in companies
Global User Provisioning Market Research Report Includes:
- An executive summary condensing the whole report such that essential authority can rapidly twist up doubtlessly acquainted with brief overview and conclusion.
- To have a complete market analysis through industry value chain analysis, Porter’s Five Force Model, PESTLE, SWOT analysis, and Y-o-Y analysis.
- Regional and global diversity is analysed with the major countries and the unions. Scrutinising the revenue generation on Year-On-Year
- Identifying DROC in the current market and their impact on altering market dynamics.
- Competitive landscape analysis to identify the merger and acquisition which will have a comparative financial study with significant competitors.
- Expertise investment opportunities by an analyst to the individual and organisation to have a better foothold in the market.
- Identify the latest developments, market shares and strategies that are employed by the significant user provisioning market, such as
- IBM Corporation
- Oracle Corporation
- Atos SE
- Dell Inc.
- SAP SE
Along with these companies, many other companies are considered in the report while analysing the global user provisioning market competitive strategies and environment. These companies held substantial share-owning to the nature of the industry whereas, the rest of the market shares are marginal chunks to regional and local level manufacturers. Other players also have considerable presence owing to its robust brand image, geographical reach and stable customer base.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Executive Summary
1.3. The Scope of the Study
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Secondary Research
2.2. Primary Research
2.3. Analytic Tools and Model
2.4. Economic Indicator
2.4.1 Base Year, Base Currency, Forecasting Period
2.5. Expert Validation
2.6. Study Timeline
CHAPTER 3 MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1. Industry Value Chain Analysis
3.2. Porter’s Five Force Analysis
3.2.1. Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.2.2. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.2.3. Threats of Substitutes
3.2.4. Threats of New Entrants
3.2.5. Degree of Competition
3.3. PESTLE Analysis
3.3.1. Political
3.3.2. Economical
3.3.3. Social
3.3.4. Technological
3.3.5. Legal
3.3.6. Environmental
3.4. SWOT Analysis
3.4.1. Strengths
3.4.2. Weakness
3.4.3. Opportunities
3.4.4. Threats
3.5. Y-O-Y Analysis
CHAPTER 4 MARKET DYNAMICS
4.1. Market Drivers
4.1.1. Increasing need to access devices
4.1.2. Rising penetration of cloud-based single sign-on and password management solution
4.1.3. Growing traction of security and risk mitigation
4.1.4. Increasing awareness and complexity of user compliance management and governance
4.2. Market Restraints & Challenges
4.2.1. Shadow IT risks
4.2.2. Lack of expertise, awareness and security
4.2.3. Higher costs incurred for manual provisioning and deprovisioning
4.3. Market Opportunities
4.3.1. Aligning the management strategies with the strategic organisational initiatives
4.3.2. Redefining the IAM technologies through trending technologies like IoT and cloud
CHAPTER 5 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY SERVICE
5.1. Professional Services
5.1.1. System Integration Services
5.1.2. Planning and Consulting Services
5.1.3. Support and Maintenance Services
5.2. Managed Services
CHAPTER 6 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY BUSINESS
FUNCTION
6.1. Information Technology
6.2. Administration
6.3. Human Resources
6.4. Marketing & Sales
6.5. Finance
CHAPTER 7 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY ORGANISATION
SIZE
7.1. Small and Medium Enterprises
7.2. Large Enterprises
CHAPTER 8 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY DEPLOYMENT
MODE
8.1. On-Premises
8.2. Cloud
CHAPTER 9 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY BUSINESS
APPLICATION
9.1. Role Management
9.2. Administration and Management
9.3. User Log Management
9.4. Password Management
9.5. User Governance and Compliance
CHAPTER 10 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY END USERS
10.1. Telecom
10.2. Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI)
10.3. Education
10.4. Government and Public Sector
10.5. Healthcare
10.6. Retail
10.7. Manufacturing
10.8. Energy and Utilities
10.9. Others
CHAPTER 11 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY GEOGRAPHY
11.1. Introduction
11.2. North America
11.2.1. U.S.
11.2.2. Canada
11.2.3. Mexico
11.2.4. Costa Rica
11.3. South America
11.3.1. Brazil
11.3.2. Argentina
11.3.3. Chile
11.3.4. Columbia
11.3.5. Others
11.4. Europe
11.4.1. U.K.
11.4.2. Germany
11.4.3. France
11.4.4. Italy
11.4.5. Spain
11.4.6. Russia
11.4.7. Netherlands
11.4.8. Switzerland
11.4.9. Poland
11.4.10. Others
11.5. APAC
11.5.1. China
11.5.2. Japan
11.5.3. India
11.5.4. South Korea
11.5.5. Australia & New Zealand
11.5.6. Malaysia
11.5.7. Singapore
11.5.8. Others
11.6. Middle East & Africa
11.6.1. UAE
11.6.2. Saudi Arabia
11.6.3. Iran
11.6.4. Iraq
11.6.5. Qatar
11.6.6. South Africa
11.6.7. Algeria
11.6.8. Morocco
11.6.9. Nigeria
11.6.10. Egypt
11.6.11. Others
CHAPTER 12 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – COMPANY PROFILES
12.1. IBM Corporation
12.2. Oracle Corporation
12.3. AtoS SE
12.4. Hitachi ID Systems, Inc.
12.5. Dell, Inc.
12.6. OneLogin, Inc.
12.7. SAP SE
12.8. Happiest Minds Technologies
12.9. CA Technologies, Inc.
12.10. EmpowerID
12.11. Microsoft Corporation
12.12. Centrify Corporation
12.13. NSFocus Information Technology Co Ltd
12.14. Avatier Corporation
CHAPTER 13 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – COMPETITIVE
LANDSCAPE
13.1. Market Share Analysis
13.2. Strategies adopted by top companies
13.3. Mergers, Acquisitions, Collaborations & Agreements
CHAPTER 14 MARKET INSIGHTS
14.1. Industry Experts Insights
14.2. Analysts Opinions
14.3. Investment Opportunities
CHAPTER 15 APPENDIX
15.1. List of Tables
15.2. List of Figures
- Competitive Analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors.
- Monitoring the external and internal factors which affect the market dynamics with the aid of PESTLE analysis.
- The Regional and Global Variety is taken care of in the report.
- Year on Year basis generation of revenue is studied.
- Porter's Five Forces analyze the intensity of competition in an industry and its profitability level.
- The overview and the sustainability of the market are analyzed through SWOT.
- DROC (Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities and Challenges) is recognized in the current market scenario and see how its effect on market dynamics.
- The segment-level analysis in terms of type and technology.
- The value chain analysis, value that's created and captured by a company is the profit margin.
- Value Created and Captured – Cost of Creating that Value = Margin
- An executive summary consists of the whole report and the outcome is been given in the report to have brief knowledge about the report.
- Basis on the depth of the study we approach using analytical tools
- Expertise investment opportunities are given after analyzing the market to give the organization and the individual to have perfect knowledge about the market.
Global Report
$2,700.00 – $8,100.00
- EUR: €2,572.16 - €7,716.49
- INR: ₹224,800.66 - ₹674,401.97
- AED: د.إ9,909.00 - د.إ29,727.00
- GBP: £2,227.18 - £6,681.55
Additional information
Report Type | Extensive Report, Miniature report, Snapshot Report |
---|---|
Licence | Single User License, Team License, Corporate License |
User provisioning is defined as the management, creation and maintenance of end users object. It is a business process for ensuring the creation of accounts and access to software. Global user provisioning market size was valued at $4.28 billion in 2017 and is estimated to reach $10.86 billion by 2025 with the CAGR of 12.34% during 2019-2025. The key drivers responsible in the growth of user provisioning market are increasing need to access devices, rising penetration of cloud-based single sign in, growing traction of security and risk mitigation and increasing adoption in SMEs. On the other hand, the factors hindering the market growth are shadowing IT risks, lack of expertise & security, higher costs incurred for manual provisioning and deprovisioning and lack of awareness & security. However, aligning the management strategies with the strategic organisational initiatives and redefining the IAM technologies through trending technologies like IoT are expected to boost the market over the forecast period.
Research Study Objectives:
- Define, estimate, and forecast the user provisioning market statistics component, business function, deployment type, organisation size, business application, end users and regions concerning the individual growth drivers, market trends and their contribution toward the user provisioning market growth
- Provides comprehensive information regarding the key factors influencing the market growth (Drivers, Restraints & Challenges, and Opportunities)
- Estimate & forecast the market size of all the segments concerning geographies including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), South America and the Middle East and Africa (MEA).
- Recent competitive developments including M&A (mergers and acquisitions), partnerships, and product innovations are provided in the user provisioning market analysis report.
- Analysis and conclusions on the future user provisioning market outlook.
Top-down and bottom-up approaches are used to validate the user provisioning market size and are used to estimate the size of other dependent submarkets. Key players in the market are identified through various secondary sources; databases including Bloomberg Businessweek, Hoovers, Factiva, journals and associations and the market revenues are estimated and are thoroughly validated through primary and secondary research. Secondary research involves the study of annual and financial reports of top players in the market, whereas primary research includes extensive interviews with the KoL’s such as CEOs, directors, board members, VP’s, sales managers, engineers, marketing executives, technicians, account managers, investors, strategic decision makers and others. The user provisioning market shares and breakdowns are determined using secondary sources and are verified by the primary sources. All possible parameters/factors that are affecting the user provisioning market demand are covered in the research study are verified through primary research, analysed and interpreted to get the final qualitative and quantitative data. This data is collected and added with detailed analysis from Envision Inteligence and presented in this report.
The scope of the Report
The User Provisioning Market segmentation is as follows:
By Component
- Professional Services
- System Integration Services
- Planning and Consulting Services
- Support and Maintenance Services
- Managed Services
By Business Function
- Role Management
- Administration and Management
- User Log Management
- Password Management
- User Governance and Compliance
By Organisation Size
- Small and Medium Enterprises
- Large Enterprises
By Deployment Mode
- On-Premises
- Cloud
By Business Application
- Role Management
- Administration and Management
- User Log Management
- Password Management
- User Governance and Compliance
By End Users
- IT & Telecom
- Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance
- Education
- Government and Public Sector
- Healthcare
- Retail
- Manufacturing & Industrial Sector
- Energy and Utilities
- Others
Geographical Analysis:
User provisioning market is segmented by geography into North America, South America, Europe, APAC and Middle East & Africa. U.S., Canada, Mexico and Costa Rica are analysed under North American region which is usually turning as the hotspot in the market. The South American region is further segregated into Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Columbia and some other emerging economies. In Europe, the market is extensively examined by covering U.K., Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland and some other promising economies. APAC is further categorised by countries into China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia & New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore and many other emerging nations. In the Middle East & African region, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, South Africa, Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria and so on countries are evaluated to understand the market growth lucidly.
Customisation Options:
With the given research report, Envision Inteligence offers customisations as per the client’s specific requirements. The following customisation options offered for the user provisioning market include:
- Scope Revision
- Geographic Analysis
- Company Profiles
- Historical Data & Forecasting
- Key Contact Persons in companies
Global User Provisioning Market Research Report Includes:
- An executive summary condensing the whole report such that essential authority can rapidly twist up doubtlessly acquainted with brief overview and conclusion.
- To have a complete market analysis through industry value chain analysis, Porter’s Five Force Model, PESTLE, SWOT analysis, and Y-o-Y analysis.
- Regional and global diversity is analysed with the major countries and the unions. Scrutinising the revenue generation on Year-On-Year
- Identifying DROC in the current market and their impact on altering market dynamics.
- Competitive landscape analysis to identify the merger and acquisition which will have a comparative financial study with significant competitors.
- Expertise investment opportunities by an analyst to the individual and organisation to have a better foothold in the market.
- Identify the latest developments, market shares and strategies that are employed by the significant user provisioning market, such as
- IBM Corporation
- Oracle Corporation
- Atos SE
- Dell Inc.
- SAP SE
Along with these companies, many other companies are considered in the report while analysing the global user provisioning market competitive strategies and environment. These companies held substantial share-owning to the nature of the industry whereas, the rest of the market shares are marginal chunks to regional and local level manufacturers. Other players also have considerable presence owing to its robust brand image, geographical reach and stable customer base.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Executive Summary
1.3. The Scope of the Study
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Secondary Research
2.2. Primary Research
2.3. Analytic Tools and Model
2.4. Economic Indicator
2.4.1 Base Year, Base Currency, Forecasting Period
2.5. Expert Validation
2.6. Study Timeline
CHAPTER 3 MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1. Industry Value Chain Analysis
3.2. Porter’s Five Force Analysis
3.2.1. Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.2.2. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.2.3. Threats of Substitutes
3.2.4. Threats of New Entrants
3.2.5. Degree of Competition
3.3. PESTLE Analysis
3.3.1. Political
3.3.2. Economical
3.3.3. Social
3.3.4. Technological
3.3.5. Legal
3.3.6. Environmental
3.4. SWOT Analysis
3.4.1. Strengths
3.4.2. Weakness
3.4.3. Opportunities
3.4.4. Threats
3.5. Y-O-Y Analysis
CHAPTER 4 MARKET DYNAMICS
4.1. Market Drivers
4.1.1. Increasing need to access devices
4.1.2. Rising penetration of cloud-based single sign-on and password management solution
4.1.3. Growing traction of security and risk mitigation
4.1.4. Increasing awareness and complexity of user compliance management and governance
4.2. Market Restraints & Challenges
4.2.1. Shadow IT risks
4.2.2. Lack of expertise, awareness and security
4.2.3. Higher costs incurred for manual provisioning and deprovisioning
4.3. Market Opportunities
4.3.1. Aligning the management strategies with the strategic organisational initiatives
4.3.2. Redefining the IAM technologies through trending technologies like IoT and cloud
CHAPTER 5 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY SERVICE
5.1. Professional Services
5.1.1. System Integration Services
5.1.2. Planning and Consulting Services
5.1.3. Support and Maintenance Services
5.2. Managed Services
CHAPTER 6 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY BUSINESS
FUNCTION
6.1. Information Technology
6.2. Administration
6.3. Human Resources
6.4. Marketing & Sales
6.5. Finance
CHAPTER 7 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY ORGANISATION
SIZE
7.1. Small and Medium Enterprises
7.2. Large Enterprises
CHAPTER 8 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY DEPLOYMENT
MODE
8.1. On-Premises
8.2. Cloud
CHAPTER 9 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY BUSINESS
APPLICATION
9.1. Role Management
9.2. Administration and Management
9.3. User Log Management
9.4. Password Management
9.5. User Governance and Compliance
CHAPTER 10 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY END USERS
10.1. Telecom
10.2. Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI)
10.3. Education
10.4. Government and Public Sector
10.5. Healthcare
10.6. Retail
10.7. Manufacturing
10.8. Energy and Utilities
10.9. Others
CHAPTER 11 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – BY GEOGRAPHY
11.1. Introduction
11.2. North America
11.2.1. U.S.
11.2.2. Canada
11.2.3. Mexico
11.2.4. Costa Rica
11.3. South America
11.3.1. Brazil
11.3.2. Argentina
11.3.3. Chile
11.3.4. Columbia
11.3.5. Others
11.4. Europe
11.4.1. U.K.
11.4.2. Germany
11.4.3. France
11.4.4. Italy
11.4.5. Spain
11.4.6. Russia
11.4.7. Netherlands
11.4.8. Switzerland
11.4.9. Poland
11.4.10. Others
11.5. APAC
11.5.1. China
11.5.2. Japan
11.5.3. India
11.5.4. South Korea
11.5.5. Australia & New Zealand
11.5.6. Malaysia
11.5.7. Singapore
11.5.8. Others
11.6. Middle East & Africa
11.6.1. UAE
11.6.2. Saudi Arabia
11.6.3. Iran
11.6.4. Iraq
11.6.5. Qatar
11.6.6. South Africa
11.6.7. Algeria
11.6.8. Morocco
11.6.9. Nigeria
11.6.10. Egypt
11.6.11. Others
CHAPTER 12 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – COMPANY PROFILES
12.1. IBM Corporation
12.2. Oracle Corporation
12.3. AtoS SE
12.4. Hitachi ID Systems, Inc.
12.5. Dell, Inc.
12.6. OneLogin, Inc.
12.7. SAP SE
12.8. Happiest Minds Technologies
12.9. CA Technologies, Inc.
12.10. EmpowerID
12.11. Microsoft Corporation
12.12. Centrify Corporation
12.13. NSFocus Information Technology Co Ltd
12.14. Avatier Corporation
CHAPTER 13 GLOBAL USER PROVISIONING MARKET – COMPETITIVE
LANDSCAPE
13.1. Market Share Analysis
13.2. Strategies adopted by top companies
13.3. Mergers, Acquisitions, Collaborations & Agreements
CHAPTER 14 MARKET INSIGHTS
14.1. Industry Experts Insights
14.2. Analysts Opinions
14.3. Investment Opportunities
CHAPTER 15 APPENDIX
15.1. List of Tables
15.2. List of Figures
- Competitive Analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors.
- Monitoring the external and internal factors which affect the market dynamics with the aid of PESTLE analysis.
- The Regional and Global Variety is taken care of in the report.
- Year on Year basis generation of revenue is studied.
- Porter's Five Forces analyze the intensity of competition in an industry and its profitability level.
- The overview and the sustainability of the market are analyzed through SWOT.
- DROC (Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities and Challenges) is recognized in the current market scenario and see how its effect on market dynamics.
- The segment-level analysis in terms of type and technology.
- The value chain analysis, value that's created and captured by a company is the profit margin.
- Value Created and Captured – Cost of Creating that Value = Margin
- An executive summary consists of the whole report and the outcome is been given in the report to have brief knowledge about the report.
- Basis on the depth of the study we approach using analytical tools
- Expertise investment opportunities are given after analyzing the market to give the organization and the individual to have perfect knowledge about the market.
Our Clientele
Exclusive Benefits
Credibility and Transparency
We actively recruit consumers, business professionals, and hard-to-reach individuals as members of our research panels, and we build trusted, ongoing relationships with them. Thus we provide the complete list of primary and secondary data sources in the report to maintain the transparency and to assure the credibility.
Exhaustive Coverage
Detailed and extensive coverage in the geography.Survey consultation for brand tracking, concept testing, consumer behaviour, and more, we have you covered with market research services that scale to meet your needs.
Competitive Edge
Our reports cover most recent updates in the market till the date of the purchase. We identify, gather and timely deliver analysis on impact of unprecedented decisions of CXOs in COVID-19 catastrophe on many businesses, their clients and their clients' clients without additional cost.
Golden Opportunities
A comprehensive strategic sieve analysis of the market by our analysts and consultants, aided by AI tools helps us find the non-obvious, golden and emerging opportunities for you to evaluate.
Top-notch Reports Guaranteed
70% of our research is exclusive; no other research firm has the depth and breadth of our research.
Post Purchase Support
Post-purchase support is provided for all our reports, for three months from the date of purchase, where related queries will be answered within 24 business hours over telephone or email.